Rohingya-The Stateless Community Becoming the Lost Generation

Authors

  • Mahbubur Rahman News Producer, Bangladesh Television (BTV), Adjunct Faculty, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh
  • Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Assistant Professor, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v8i2.621

Keywords:

Statelessness, Lost Generation, Rohingya

Abstract

The Rohingya is a Muslim ethnic minority group in Rakhine State of Myanmar.It is now established but controversial fact that the Rohingya is a stateless population of the world who has found shelter across vast swathes of Asia mainly in Bangladesh, and also in India, Pakistan, Thailand and Malaysia. But a majority of Rohingyas are living in various camps of Bangladesh with statelessness identity. Recently, the UN warns that the Rohingya children who are living in various camps of Bangladesh would be the lost generations of the world. This article discusses the aspects of “stateless community” and “lost generation” of the world’s most persecuted people-the Rohingya. 

Author Biographies

Mahbubur Rahman, News Producer, Bangladesh Television (BTV), Adjunct Faculty, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh

News Producer, Bangladesh Television (BTV), Adjunct Faculty, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh

Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Assistant Professor, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Assistant Professor, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

References

Anand, B. N., & Khanna, T. (2000). Do Firms Learn to Create Value? The Case of Alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 293–315.

Abdelkader, E. (2014). Myanmar’s Democracy Struggle: The Impact of Communal Violence upon Rohingya Woman and Youth. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 23(3), 511–542.

Ahmad, I. (2014). The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas. The University Press Limited: Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Al Jazeera (2018). Rohingya Facing ‘Lost Generation’ of Children Out of School. 13 December 2018. http: www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/rohingya-facing-lost-generation-children-school-181212082048462.html

Amnesty International, AI (2004). Myanmar the Rohingya Minority-Fundamental Rights Denied. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/92000/asa160052004en.pdf

AI (2017). Caged without a Roof. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1674842017ENGLISH.PDF

Australia Parliament Report (2013). Myanmar: Sectarian Violence in Rakhine Issues. Humanitarian Consequences, and Regional Responses. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/Myanmar

Bellamy, A. (2016). Myanmar: The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Britannica (2019). Lost Generation. Encyclopedia Britannica. Adam Augusttyn, Patricia Bauer et al. (Eds.). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lost-Generation

BROUK (2018). The Right to Education Denied for Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. The UK Report, 13 December 2018. https: //burmacampaign.org.uk/rohingya-denied-access-to-education-in-myanmar-and-bangladesh/the-right-to-education-denied-for-rohingya-refugees-in-bangladesh/

Cheung, S. (2012). Migration Control and the Solutions Impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications from the Rohingya Experience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(1), 50–70.

CNN (2015). Lost at Sea, Unwanted: The Plight of Myanmar’s Rohingya Boat People. May 20, 2015. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/19/asia/rohingya-refugee-ships-explainer/index.html

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. art. 7, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/professionalinterest/crc.pdf

Council on Foreign Relations (2018). The Rohingya Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations, December 5, 2018. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-crisis

Demographics of Myanmar (2018). Population of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in 2018.

Devi, K. S. (2014). Myanmar under the Military Rule 1962-1988. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(10), 46–50.

Fortify Rights (2015). Persecution of Rohingya Muslims. October 21, 2015. https://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/Yale_Persecution_of_the_Rohingya_October_2015.pdf

Fumagalli, M. (2018). Myanmar 2017: The Rohingya Crisis between Radicalisation and Ethnic Cleansing. Asia Maior, XXVIII, 227–243. https: //research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/14679/Fumagalli_2018_AM_Myanmar2017_VoR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Gibson, T. (Ed.) (2016). Rohingyas–Insecurity and Citizenship in Myanmar. Thaksin University Press, Thailand. http://www.iid.org/uploads/6/2/0/6/6206024/rohingya.pdf

Green, P., MacManus, T., & de la Cour Venning, A. (2015). Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar. London: International State Crime Initiative. http://statecrime.org/data/2015/10/ISCI-Rohingya-Report-PUBLISHED-VERSION.pdf

Haque, M. M. (2017). Rohingya Ethnic Muslim Minority and the 1982 Citizenship Law in Burma. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(4), 454–469.

Hemingway, E. (1926). The Sun Also Rises. New York: Modern Library.

Holliday, M. I. (2014). Addressing Myanmar’s Citizenship Crisis. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 44(3), 404–421.

Human Rights Watch, HRW (2000). Living in Limbo: Burmese Rohingyas in Malaysia. New York, NY, USA.

HRW (2012). The Government Could have Stopped This. New York, NY, USA. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/08/01/government-could-have-stopped.

HRW (2018). The Pushback against the Populist Challenge. World Report, 2018. Human Rights Watch, 2018, USA.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. art.24(3), Dec. 19,1966, 993 U. N. T. S. 3. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/InternationalDB/docs/Art%2024%2026%20ICCPR.pdf

Irish Centre for Human Rights (2010). Crimes against Humanity in Western Burma: The Situation of the Rohingyas. Irish Centre for Human Rights: Connacht, Ireland.

Islam, N. (1999). The Rohingya Problem, Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO). Arakan (Burma).

Islam, N. (2012). Rohingya Tangled in Burma Citizenship Politics. Kaladan Press Network. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Nurul_Islam-2012-05-30-Rohingya_tangled_in_Burma_citizenship_politics-en.pdf

Kosem, S., & Saleem, A. (2016). Religion, Nationalism, and the Rohingya’s Search for Citizenship in Myanmar. In Robert Mason (Ed.), Muslim Minority‐State Relations: Violence, Integration, and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.

Kyaw, N. N. (2017). Unpacking the Presumed Statelessness of Rohingyas. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 15(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1330981

Lewa, C. (2009). Northern Arakan: An Open Prison for the Rohingya in Burma. Forced Migration Review, 32, 11–13. https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/statelessness/lewa.pdf

Milton, A. H., Rahman, M., Hussain, S., Jindal, C., Choudhury, S., Akter, S., Ferdousi, S., Mouly, T. A., Hall, J., & Efird, J. T. (2017). Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), pii: E942, 1–8.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018a). The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar are Victim of Genocide! ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 59–72.

Mohajan, H. K. (2018b). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(1), 19–46.

Parashar, A., & Alam, J. (2018). The National Laws of Myanmar: Making of Statelessness for the Rohingya. International Migration, 57(1), 94–108. http://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12532

Rahman, M. M. (2017). Pope Uttered the Term ‘Rohingya’. The News Report is Prepared by Md. Mahbubur Rahman, News Producer, BTV. https://youtu.be/OeLDAQ0P7sQ

Rahman, M. M. (2018). News Reports on Rohingya Crisis. The News Report is Prepared by Md. Mahbubur Rahman, News Producer, BTV. https: //www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLydyw2P14fp3aMxfa2A8pParGa3RZzH8M

Refworld (2009). Nationality Rights for All. March 2009. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49be193f2.pdf

Refworld (2016). Rohingya Policies and Restrictions under Myanmar’s New Government. October 26, 2016. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5825f3ba4.pdf

Reuters (2018). Myanmar Says Police Attacked as Western Fighting Displaces Thousands. Reuters, 02 January 2019. https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1OW0AP

Rohingya Influx since 1978 (2017). History of Rohingya in Bangladesh. Background on the Context in Bangladesh. Review-Thematic Report. https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/slides/files/20171211_acaps_rohingya_historical_review.pdf

Ruland, A. (2017). Myanmar’s Rohingya Problem in Context. ISPSW Strategy Series, Germany. http: //www.ispsw.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/485_R%C3%BCland.pdf

Tennery, A. (2015). Why is No One Helping Myanmar’s Rohingya? Thomson Reuters: New York, NY, USA.

Thawnghmung, A. M. (2016). The Politics of Indigeneity in Myanmar: Competing Narratives in Rakhine State, Asian Ethnicity, 17(4), 527–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2016.1179096

The Daily Star (2017). Resettling Rohingyas and International Law. March 14, 2017. https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/rights-advocacy/resettling-rohingyas-and-international-law-1375510

The International Observatory on Statelessness (2019). The International Observatory on Statelessness: Burma/Myanmar. http://www.nationalityforall.org/burma-myanmar

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations, December 10, 1948 UNGA Res 217 A(III).

Ullah, A. A. (2011). Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139–161.

Ullah, A. A. (2015). Playing with Color of Cards. https://www.thestateless.com/2015/08/playing-with-color-of-cards.html

UN (2017). Atrocities against Rohingya as Ethnic Cleansing. A News Report Prepared by Md. Mahbubur Rahman Broadcast through BTV. October 26, 2017. https://youtu.be/me__ToMMBew

UN (2018). UNICEF Warns of ‘Lost Generation’ of Rohingya Youth, One Year after Myanmar Exodus. UN News, 22 August, 2017. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/08/1017632

UN (2019). Thousands Flee from Rakhine Since Last Month Due to Clashes. English News BTV on Air, 03 January 2019. https://youtu.be/iBnYt2WUpVY

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR (1954). Text of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/un-conventions-on-statelessness.html

UNHCR (2007). Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees. https://bit.ly/2pdvB4x

UNHCR (2017). Over 168,000 Rohingyas Likely Fled Myanmar since 2012. 03 May 2017. https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/5/590990ff4/168000-rohingya-likely-fled-myanmar-since-2012-unhcr-report.html

UNHCR & WFP (2012). The Contribution of Food Assistance to Durable Solutions in Protracted Refugee Situations. Its Impact and Role in Bangladesh: A Mixed Method Impact Evaluation. UNHCR & WFP: Rome, Italy.

UNICEF (2018). Investment in Education Desperately Needed to Avert Lost Generation of Rohingya Children. UNICEF Report, 23 August 2018. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/investment-education-desperately-needed-avert-lost-generation-rohingya-children

Yin, K. M. (2005). Salience of Ethnicity among Burman Muslims: A Study in Identity Formulation. Intellectual Discourses, 13(2), 168–169.

Zawacki, B. (2013). Defining Myanmar’s Rohingya Problem. Human Rights Brief, 20(3), 18–25. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1873&context=hrbrief

Downloads

Published

2019-05-14

How to Cite

Rahman, M., & Mohajan, H. K. (2019). Rohingya-The Stateless Community Becoming the Lost Generation. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 8(2), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v8i2.621

Issue

Section

Articles